Welcome to our new lecture
Certainly one of the most important lecture
Operating system
What is it? What are the functions?
How does it work?
We are going to know all these things
Some operating systems you may have heard of
In your mobile
Android operating system is there
Or In your iPhone
Mac operating system is there
If I talk about computers
You may have heard of
MS-DOS Many times
Linux You may have heard of
Or Most popular Windows You may have heard of
Or Apple's operating system
Many times
You may have heard of
KaiOS Or HarmonyOS
Many operating systems are available
Now from the name we can understand What is an operating
system?
It is a system which is operating things
Now this is the thing to know
What is it operating?
What is it trying to do?
What was it?
It was so much requirement
That I had to bring the operating system
If I had not brought the operating system
Was my work not going on?
What were my problems?
We will discuss all these things
In depth
So let's start our lecture
Let's go to whiteboard
There are some notes
We will read those notes
We will also see
How you can relate things in real life
To understand
So let's start
First of all
I will open Microsoft
Whiteboard Here is a definition of operating system
It is written here
An operating system is a crucial software
So the first question
Comes from here
Many times we get confused
What is an operating system?
It is not like
My other components
Are they also my components?
No So the first question
Which can be asked from you
In any interview
Or if you study in college
Tell me what is an operating system?
Is it a software or hardware?
First you will get this
So what you have to say
It is a software
So how is the rest of the software different from this?
Have you seen
In mobile phone
You download many applications
Many software
In mobile we call it applications
But in computer we call all those things
As software
So now
How is an operating system different from other apps?
What are the things in it?
I am downloading other applications
From play store
So here
We will understand this
So let's start
Here it is written
An operating system is a crucial software
Means it is a very important software
And We call it
Master software
Which is our operating system
That is called
Master software
Now You can guess from this
That he is a master
Means How can you relate it?
That Master Like if you have been to circus
You have seen there
There is a ring master
And there is an animal
Which performs everything for your entertainment
So what master does
Means He is controlling things
So here
Master software
Is also controlling things
How is it controlling?
We will see that
So what is this?
It is a crucial software
As an intermediary
Means It is working as an intermediate
Between Computer, hardware
And user
What does it mean?
My hardware
It can be input device
Or it can be output device
My hardware can be anything
Keyboard Hardware Mouse Internal components
CPU RAM Hard disk
These can be my hardware
And who can be a user?
I can be a user
And you can be a user
So if a user has to do some work
Like if I have to do some work
How can I do it?
So there is a layer in between
Ok You have to say that layer
Then your work will be done
How can you understand it?
Let's try to understand it from real life
You will be in colleges
Or in school
There was a thing
Your teachers gave you an assignment
Or you have to print out
So what do you do to print out?
I will tell you
This is a user
And the name of this user is
Rahul Means me
And what is here?
Photography shop
Photography Let's name it copycat
So this is a shop
There is a machine here
Now I can't make it exactly
So understand
My drawing is not good
But what is here?
This is a machine
Now the question is
Can you go directly
And In this photography machine
By giving command
Can you print out a photography?
No You can't do this
What do you want?
You want a photography
Brother in the middle
What is this?
Photography Brother To do
What do you do?
You go
This spelling is wrong
Wait a second
Ok So what do you do?
You go to the shop
You tell a brother
Brother This is my notebook
Page number 1
And 7 8, 9, 15
You Print it out
So here
The photography brother
How is he acting?
This is a photography brother
He is acting
Like your operating system
What is happening in the operating system?
Things are being controlled
Ok What happened here?
This is your software
User app
User App What is the meaning of user app? Directly If you
get any work done from any application
Application To do a specific task
Application He needs anything Hardware But sometimes we say
Between the user and the hardware
Because the user has to do the work
The user represents Your user application Between the user
and the hardware
As an intermediary What happened here? The operating system
That is your hardware
Now that hardware Can be
Your RAM
Which is your main memory
Or Your hard disk Which is your secondary storage
Now When any application has to run
Where does it come?
It has to come in RAM
We know this So now
What is the operating system here?
It is an intermediary
Means in between You have to go to the operating system
And request
And Operating system
Will provide you those things
So you can say
These user applications For them
What is the operating system?
It is a platform
On this platform Things are getting easier
You can say this
So I understand If I have any application
Let's understand a little
What we have read previously
Let's see a little
So that you remember things
Previously We read this thing
Whenever I
Install any application What happens?
It comes in storage
So let's say This is my mobile screen
On this mobile screen
I can see an icon
And this is an Instagram icon
With this icon I have a file That is insta.exe What does
exe mean?
It is your executable file
It is a machine code
It will understand CPU CPU has to read it
RAM has to go inside it and I am saying that your software
cannot communicate directly with your hardware right? like
you are a user you have to get photocopy done, you cannot
directly get photocopy done in the machine in the same way,
your user applications
whether it is whatsapp or instagram cannot go directly
inside the RAM they need a layer in between they need a
platform from where things can be controlled if things
cannot be controlled then it will be a goon goon in the
sense let me tell you further
what can an application do in that case so try to
understand this previously we saw that we installed an
instagram application here its icon came it is taking some
memory inside the storage and what happened here?
I have RAM this is my RAM now tell me that if I want to run
it as soon as I click on the icon its executable code will
come inside the RAM and here my CPU will do what? it will
read the code line by line and will tell that if everything
is fine if there
is no error it will open the interface but if you get an
error sometimes youtube application crashes or you are not
able to upload the story on instagram so there is some bug
in the code because of which you are not able to do things
so I understood that
if I want to run this application where will I have to
come? RAM and RAM is my hardware and this is my application
this is my software and to communicate this software with
hardware you need a platform that platform is operating
system which is a master
software now how this master software is working? it is
doing the work of controlling it is written in such a way
that your user apps will be able to communicate with it now
lets talk about applications how many types of applications
do I have?
I have two types of applications one is system apps and
second is user applications what do I call my user
applications?
I call them third party applications which you will get to
see on where? which you will get to see on play store
I call them third party applications can you take some
examples of user applications? yes you can
which are made to do specific tasks of user they are called
user applications all the third party applications you
download from play store and install we can put all of them
in category of user applications whether it is your game
whose name is PUBG
whether it is your game whose name is Free Fire whether it
is your whatsapp with which you can chat and you can do
video call so what is this? third party application or it
can be your Instagram so all these things all these
applications make it with
the user in mind that user's specific need is this let's
complete it so how will you complete it? you will write a
specific code for a specific task so we will call them
these are user applications now to run these user
applications it has to come in
RAM this is my RAM what is RAM?
RAM is my hardware
I have shown you this so what is this? this is your
hardware now all these applications their executable code
which is 0 1 machine code now it has to come here to run
but before running it can't communicate directly so here it
can't communicate directly
so here it comes in between system app what is system
application? system application is your operating system
what can you call this? this is system app now who has made
this system app?
Microsoft has made this and these system apps what do they
do for you? they provide platform
this is platform provider
I will write it here platform provider what does platform
provider do? it gives you a platform what can you do? you
request it
I will bring you memory
I will bring you space in RAM I will help your application
to run so who will do all these things?
operating system so I will remove it from here so I
understood that my operating system is sitting in the
middle and this is my user application so user application
needs my hardware to run now how will it take the hardware?
it will take through system
app and what is system app? operating system which provides
a platform to run these user applications understood? let's
move ahead it provides a range of functions and services to
manage and coordinate the various aspects of a computer
system means it
provides many functions and services so that things can be
coordinated in a computer whenever we turn on the computer
so many processes are going on in the background many
system calls are going on many applications related to my
windows are running then
only you can see everything on the system you can see time,
taskbar, home window all these things that you can see why
it is visible? because many apps are running in the
background of your system if you have noticed one thing
when you go to the market
you are told that it has 32 GB RAM sorry not 32 GB RAM it
has storage and 4 GB RAM sometimes it is not 32 GB storage
sometimes it is 30 GB or 29.5 GB why it is happening? it
happens because in the remaining space there is an android
operating system and
what happens due to android operating system?
you can put songs, videos, images in your storage but when
you turn on your mobile phone you can see many things you
can see time, notifications, wallpapers all these things
are visible because of android operating system android
operating system has
many services which are helping you to see all these things
so what it does? it takes space in the storage and you will
never get full 4 GB RAM like my android operating system it
always runs in RAM so here we can say that it also takes
some space may
be it takes 500 MB so we think that in 4 GB RAM I got 3.5
GB and here I got less in 32 GB storage why? because of
android operating system or windows operating system
I will try to show you the apps which are running in the
background where are they? are they running in the
background or not? so let's try so we have to go to task
manager so what we do? we go to our screen and here we put
task manager let's enter and
here you can see these are the apps which are running like
I have opened microsoft whiteboard adobe software
OBS studio task manager window explorer now you will see
one thing if I ask you what are all these things in it?
task manager
OBS studio user application suppose you have user
application or you have microsoft whiteboard what is this?
I told you that to run user application you need hardware
it can't communicate directly with hardware means operating
system is working somewhere
in between now CPU it will be like this
I need some memory let's see here this is my OBS studio
what is it doing? it is running it is running it is running
it is running it is running it is running it is running it
is running it is running it is running it is running it is
running it is running
it is running
I have opened many applications like Adobe, Microsoft
whiteboard, OBS, task manager, window explorer, OBS studio
is running in my background continuously which I am
recording.
So you can see how much RAM I have and what CPU is doing.
My CPU is running OBS studio continuously which means my
CPU is not idle.
My CPU is running OBS studio continuously which means my
CPU is running OBS studio continuously
Now I am not using Adobe software which means CPU is
running 0%
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
My Microsoft whiteboard is running 0% Now I am not using
Microsoft whiteboard which means my CPU is not idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now I am not using Adobe software which means my CPU is not
idle.
Now let's understand process management.
In this video, we are going to discuss about the process
called memory management.
different processes are running here like my P1 process is
running here, my P2 process is running here, our process
does not need to know that inside the memory, other than
this process, that is, other than me, another process is
running or not, it does
not need to know that, what will it do knowing that, it is
possible that if this memory management is not there, then
this P2 of mine, who knows, it would have entered the
memory that it has got, it could have been possible, all
these things are possible,
here this deallocation of the memory, now its work is over,
P1 work is over, but what is P2 doing, it is not letting P1
go, so all these things are also possible, so what happens
here, memory spaces for process are different, like P1 is
here, P2 is here,
what will happen with this, optimizing RAM uses, this RAM
of mine will be able to be utilized well, if you want 30
MB, you will not get more than 30, if you want 32 MB, you
will not get more than 32, if you want 3000 MB, we will
give you 3000 MB, so that
my RAM can be used efficiently, what is the goal, the same
thing is that efficient and organized memory utilization,
if you want to utilize
RAM efficiently, then you should have memory management,
otherwise what you have to do, the code of memory
management, see what you have now, now you have an
operating system, so you do not have to do so many things,
otherwise what would be the problem,
the problem is that the code of memory management, that my
process needs so much memory, where do you have to write,
you have to write process, here is my process 1, now this
process 1, I have written the code for it, now I have
written so much code,
apart from this, I have to write the code of process 2,
here I have to write the code of memory management, it is
possible that the code of memory management of the second
process which someone has written is better than your code,
what can it do, memory
management code, which can hack your memory, can make
changes in your process, it is possible that it will not
let you provide as much MB as required,
so all these things will happen if you do not have memory
management, that is, the operating system does not do it,
then what happens, file system management, your organize
and manage files on a storage device providing file access
and data organization,
what are all these things, like what happens in file system
management, everything is saved in the structure of the
file system, it is possible that it will not let you
provide as much MB as required, so all these things will
happen if you do not have
memory management, then what happens, file system
management, everything is saved in the structure of the
file system, like what happens, file system management,
everything is saved in the structure of the file system, so
all these things will happen
if you do not have memory management, then what happens,
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everything is saved in I am running two apps. One is PUBG
and the other is isolation
and each app is provided with security that you can't go
here or there. This is my whatsapp. If such security or
isolation is not provided, then what could happen?
Whatsapp could go inside this app and your health is
running at 80% and if it is 0% then your game will think
that your health is 0% and your player will kill him.
So, what could happen?
It is a big thing.
Your security is in danger just because of this.
So, we can understand how dangerous it could be.
So, security and protection is very important.
So, security and protection is also very important.
This is provided by operating system.
Our goal is to avoid unauthorized access.
Otherwise, what could happen?
As you can see there are ransomware attacks.
What happens in ransomware attacks?
Basically, an unauthorized person hacks your system.
He takes away all your controls.
Then you can't go inside your system.
So, to avoid all this, we provide security and protection.
So, this is what I understood.
Next is user interface.
Function provides a user-friendly interface such as command
line and graphical interface.
What does it mean? Let's understand it.
My operating system provides me with user interface.
Function provides a user-friendly interface.
Now, you can see in taskbar or icons.
Let me show you.
Here, I don't have any icon.
I have removed it.
But you can see icons here.
You can see many icons.
You can click on the icon and you will get the interface of
your application.
This is very easy for you.
You also get a command line argument.
It is a little difficult because you need to know the
commands.
You need to know the commands to do things.
So, this is the user interface which is provided by my
operating system.
Next is goal.
Next is enhanced user experience.
Now, user experience will not be good if he writes
everything.
What do you do now?
If you have to create a directory, what do you do?
If you have to create a folder, what do you do?
You simply right click on the folder and click on new.
So, you get a user-friendly experience.
Now, what happens in command line?
You need to know the commands.
For example, you need to create a directory in mkdir.
You have an option to create a directory.
If you have to drive, you need to do cd.
You need to know all these things.
What happens in the user interface?
You get all these things.
So, you don't have to do things at your end.
So, what happens with this?
User experience is enhanced.
Accessibility is enhanced.
Next is networking.
Networking provides network connections, protocol and
communication between devices.
Your devices or your jobs can be run.
How much network do they need?
Who manages all these things?
Operating system does.
For example, you will see network 0 Mbps.
You see all these things here.
0.1 Mbps.
How much network does this application need?
All these things are easily manageable.
Who manages it?
Operating system does.
What is the goal?
Facilitate seamless data exchange in network environment.
That means, data can be easily exchanged.
Whichever application needs data, it can be easily and
seamlessly exchanged.
It happens because of the operating system.
Next is error handling.
Monitors the system for errors and takes corrective action
to maintain stability.
You can also see the problem and solve it.
Operating system handles errors, tells steps, etc.
Minimize disruptions and ensure reliable options.
If errors occur at any time, and you don't even know the
reason for it, then your reliability will be affected.
What can I do by working in this system?
When I don't know anything, then you have to do all the
work individually.
You have to understand the user interface.
Normally, if I make another person work in the same system,
he has mobile phone experience.
He can easily open any app.
What can he do here?
He can open any system and do the same thing.
He can open the system and see the interface of the
application.
He can see the interface of the application.
He can see all the functions of the application.
Let me repeat what functions we saw.
We saw that the operating system is a master software that
works as a layer between the user and the hardware.
We saw the diagram here.
We saw that there are many functions of the operating
system.
It tells the other applications that you don't worry.
I will handle everything.
I will bring all the storage that you need.
I will bring all the network that you need.
When will the CPU run your application?
If you are not using it, it will go to an idle state.
Who will manage all these things?
I will do it.
It was an ad that you go to dream 11 and make a team.
What our operating system says is that all these things are
user applications.
It tells them that you go to dream 11 and make a team.
My operating system works like this.
Here we saw that process management, memory management,
file system management, device management, security and
protection, user interface so that I can communicate well.
I get good networking.
I get error handling.
What is the next thing that you get to see?
You get consequence of no operating system.
What would have happened if there was no operating system?
We have discussed what would have happened if there was no
operating system.
It is written here.
Let's read it.
The first thing is lack of user interface.
The interface that you see is not available to see.
It is very easy now.
You go and click on and the application opens in front of
you.
It is very simple.
If this thing was not there, there would have been a lack
of user interface.
If I did not have an operating system.
My process could not be managed.
My memory could not be managed.
My device could not be managed.
We get to see all these things.
If there was no operating system, there would be no
graphical and command line interface.
If you have any application, whether it is a user
application or a system application,
I know how to make it work. I know how to give commands or
not.
I will click on the graphical things that I see. But there
is no such thing if there is no operating system
How can I do it?
I cannot talk to any hardware directly.
I have hardware.
I have CPU.
I have RAM.
I am looking at RAM.
Run my application.
It does not understand things.
There should be an operating system in between.
Resource Management Challenge All your resources, all your
hardware, whether it is CPU or memory, all these things
will come in.
I could not manage all these resources. Application would
need to manage their own memory allocations.
CPU scheduling and device interaction.
You have to write that code in all the applications.
How will the memory allocation happen?
If you have read your programming,
I have functions in C language. I have a function called
Melloc.
I have a function called Caloc.
What does it do?
It provides me memory.
You will get so much storage.
You will get 4 bytes.
You will get 8 bytes.
What do all these things do?
They do this.
I have to write the code.
I have a lot of challenges in resource management. CPU
scheduling.
When will my application run? When will it execute?
I have to write the code.
knowledge of low-level instructions low-level because of
operating system or application would need to handle the
source management independently leading to potential
conflicts.
Conflicts would be lack of standardization would make
software development challenging and absence of security
measures could expose the system to vulnerabilities.
So, I am not going to load the operating system in RAM, you
will not see things on the screen.
If I say there is RAM, it will pick up the operating system
and will load it in RAM.
And then after powered by android, the first screen you
see, why is it visible?
Because the BIOS has already checked the hardware that
these things are available or not, sometimes the RAM is not
working properly. So, what happens is that you are trying
to own it again and again and your system is not able to
own it.
Why is it not working?
This is the problem.
In this booting process, your operating system is trying to
load because RAM is not working properly.
So, it is not able to stay there, because of which you are
not able to see things on the screen.
It is getting shut down again and again.
So, how will these things be? In this booting process, you
will have to do all these things on your own.
You will have to give instructions at a low level that you
have to check the hardware first.
You will have to do it manually.
It is very impossible.
Application would need to handle resource management
independently.
What will every application do?
WhatsApp will say that if I want to run, then I need this
much RAM, then give me this much
RAM.
It is possible that it will ask for unnecessary RAM.
Instagram will say that I need this much RAM.
Now, see, the more memory it will occupy, the rest of the
apps will not be able to run.
The rest of the apps will not be able to run.
That is, you will be able to spend as much time as possible
on them and they will be able to show you as many ads as
possible.
So, because of this, it is necessary to have a management
of resources and memory.
That is why it is here that if there are no things, then
you will have to give instructions at a low level.
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